<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">??????????????????? 精益生產(chǎn)之柔性制造系統(tǒng)

<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1、柔性制造系統(tǒng)的定義

<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><***N style="mso-spacerun: yes">????? <***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">什么是柔性制造系統(tǒng)呢？柔性可以表述為兩個(gè)方面。**方面是系統(tǒng)適應(yīng)外部環(huán)境變化的能力，可用系統(tǒng)滿足新產(chǎn)品要求的程度來(lái)衡量；第二方面是系統(tǒng)適應(yīng)內(nèi)部變化的能力，可用在有干擾（如機(jī)器出現(xiàn)故障）情況下，這時(shí)系統(tǒng)的生產(chǎn)率與無(wú)干擾情況下的生產(chǎn)率期望值之比可以用來(lái)衡量柔性。<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">柔性<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">是相對(duì)于<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">剛性<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">而言的，傳統(tǒng)的<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">“<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">剛性<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">”<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)線主要實(shí)現(xiàn)單一品種的大批量生產(chǎn)。其優(yōu)點(diǎn)是生產(chǎn)率很高，由于設(shè)備是固定的，所以設(shè)備利用率也很高，單件產(chǎn)品的成本低。但價(jià)格相當(dāng)昂貴，且只能加工一個(gè)或幾個(gè)相類似的零件。如果想要獲得其他品種的產(chǎn)品，則必須對(duì)其結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行大調(diào)整，重新配置系統(tǒng)內(nèi)各要素，其工作量和經(jīng)費(fèi)投入與構(gòu)造一個(gè)新的生產(chǎn)線往往不相上下。剛性的大批量制造自動(dòng)化生產(chǎn)線只適合生產(chǎn)少數(shù)幾個(gè)品種的產(chǎn)品，難以適應(yīng)多品種、小批量的生產(chǎn)。<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">

<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2、柔性制造系統(tǒng)的產(chǎn)生及其重要性

<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">隨著社會(huì)進(jìn)步和生活水平的提高，市場(chǎng)更加需要具有特色、符合顧客個(gè)人要求樣式和功能千差萬(wàn)別的產(chǎn)品。激烈的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)迫使傳統(tǒng)的大規(guī)模生產(chǎn)方式發(fā)生改變，要求對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的零部件生產(chǎn)工藝加以改進(jìn)。傳統(tǒng)的制造系統(tǒng)不能滿足市場(chǎng)對(duì)多品種小批量產(chǎn)品的需求，這就使系統(tǒng)的柔性對(duì)系統(tǒng)的生存越來(lái)越重要。隨著批量生產(chǎn)時(shí)代正逐漸被適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)動(dòng)態(tài)變化的生產(chǎn)所替換，一個(gè)制造自動(dòng)化系統(tǒng)的生存能力和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)能力在很大程度上取決于它是否能在很短的開(kāi)發(fā)周期內(nèi)，生產(chǎn)出較低成本、較高質(zhì)量的不同品種產(chǎn)品的能力。柔性已占有相當(dāng)重要的位置。<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <***N lang=EN-US>

<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">?

<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">?? 3、柔性制造系統(tǒng)柔性的涵蓋范圍

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<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">●<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">機(jī)器柔性<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">當(dāng)要求生產(chǎn)一系列不同類型的產(chǎn)品時(shí)，機(jī)器隨產(chǎn)品變化而加工不同零件的難易程度。<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">

<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">●<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">工藝柔性<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">一是工藝流程不變時(shí)自身適應(yīng)產(chǎn)品或原材料變化的能力；二是制造系統(tǒng)內(nèi)為適應(yīng)產(chǎn)品或原材料變化而改變相應(yīng)工藝的難易程度。<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">

<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">●<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">產(chǎn)品柔性<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">一是產(chǎn)品更新或完全轉(zhuǎn)向后，系統(tǒng)能夠非常經(jīng)濟(jì)和迅速地生產(chǎn)出新產(chǎn)品的能力；二是產(chǎn)品更新后，對(duì)老產(chǎn)品有用特性的繼承能力和兼容能力。<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">

<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">●<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">維護(hù)柔性<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">采用多種方式查詢、處理故障，保障生產(chǎn)正常進(jìn)行的能力。<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">

<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">●<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">生產(chǎn)能力柔性<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">當(dāng)生產(chǎn)量改變、系統(tǒng)也能經(jīng)濟(jì)地運(yùn)行的能力。對(duì)于根據(jù)訂貨而組織生產(chǎn)的制造系統(tǒng)，這一點(diǎn)尤為重要。<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">

<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">●<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">擴(kuò)展柔性<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">當(dāng)生產(chǎn)需要的時(shí)候，可以很容易地?cái)U(kuò)展系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)，增加模塊，構(gòu)成一個(gè)更大系統(tǒng)的能力。<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">

<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">●<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">運(yùn)行柔性<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> <***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">利用不同的機(jī)器、材料、工藝流程來(lái)生產(chǎn)一系列產(chǎn)品的能力和同樣的產(chǎn)品，換用不同工序加工的能力。<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">

<***N lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">???? 4、柔性制造系統(tǒng)的優(yōu)勢(shì)及發(fā)展前景

<***N style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">??? (1)設(shè)備利用率高　由于采用計(jì)算機(jī)對(duì)生產(chǎn)進(jìn)行調(diào)度，一旦有機(jī)床空閑，計(jì)算機(jī)便分配給該機(jī)床加工任務(wù)。在典型情況下，采用柔性制造系統(tǒng)中的一組機(jī)床所獲得的生產(chǎn)量是單機(jī)作業(yè)環(huán)境下同等數(shù)量機(jī)床生產(chǎn)量的3倍。
?? (2)減少生產(chǎn)周期　由于零件集中在加工中心上加工，減少了機(jī)床數(shù)和零件的裝卡次數(shù)。采用計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行有效的調(diào)度也減少了周轉(zhuǎn)的時(shí)間。
?? (3)具有維持生產(chǎn)的能力　當(dāng)柔性制造系統(tǒng)中的一臺(tái)或多臺(tái)機(jī)床出現(xiàn)故障時(shí)，計(jì)算機(jī)可以繞過(guò)出現(xiàn)故障的機(jī)床，使生產(chǎn)得以繼續(xù)。
?? (4)生產(chǎn)具有柔性　可以響應(yīng)生產(chǎn)變化的需求，當(dāng)市場(chǎng)需求或設(shè)計(jì)發(fā)生變化時(shí)，在FMS的設(shè)計(jì)能力內(nèi)，不需要系統(tǒng)硬件結(jié)構(gòu)的變化，系統(tǒng)具有制造不同產(chǎn)品的柔性。并且，對(duì)于臨時(shí)需要的備用零件可以隨時(shí)混合生產(chǎn)，而不影響FMS的正常生產(chǎn)。
?? (5)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量高　FMS減少了卡具和機(jī)床的數(shù)量，并且卡具與機(jī)床匹配得當(dāng)，從而保證了零件的一致性和產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。同時(shí)自動(dòng)檢測(cè)設(shè)備和自動(dòng)補(bǔ)償裝置可以及時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn)質(zhì)量問(wèn)題，并采取相應(yīng)的有效措施，保證了產(chǎn)品的質(zhì)量。
?? (6)加工成本低　FMS的生產(chǎn)批量在相當(dāng)大的范圍內(nèi)變化，其生產(chǎn)成本是**的。它除了一次性投資費(fèi)用較高外，其他各項(xiàng)指標(biāo)均優(yōu)于常規(guī)的生產(chǎn)方案。

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