<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(一)***N><***N lang=EN-US>?? ***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">一般原則***N>
<***N lang=EN-US>1***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、在沒有個(gè)體防護(hù)的情況下,任何人都不應(yīng)暴露在能夠或可能危害健康的空氣環(huán)境中。***N>
<***N lang=EN-US>2***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、應(yīng)根據(jù)**的有關(guān)職業(yè)衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(如空氣中粉塵衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn),空氣中有毒害物質(zhì)衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn))對(duì)作業(yè)中的空氣環(huán)境進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià),識(shí)別有害環(huán)境性質(zhì),判定危害程度。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●應(yīng)首先考慮采取工程措施控制有害環(huán)境的可能性。若工程措施因各種原因無法實(shí)施,或無法完全消除有害環(huán)境,以及在工程措施未生效期間,應(yīng)根據(jù)作業(yè)環(huán)境、作業(yè)狀況和作業(yè)人員選擇適合的呼吸防護(hù)裝備。選擇呼吸防護(hù)產(chǎn)品時(shí)也應(yīng)參照使用說明書的技術(shù)規(guī)定,符合其適用條件。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●需要使用呼吸防護(hù)裝備預(yù)防有害環(huán)境的危害,用人單位應(yīng)建立并實(shí)施規(guī)范的呼吸保護(hù)計(jì)劃。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(二)根據(jù)有害環(huán)境選擇***N>
<***N lang=EN-US>1***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、識(shí)別有害環(huán)境性質(zhì)***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">應(yīng)了解以下情況:***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>1***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是否能識(shí)別有害環(huán)境,如是有害環(huán)境,應(yīng)進(jìn)一步了解。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>2***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是否可能缺氧(低于18%)及氧氣濃度值。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>3***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)是否存在空氣污染物,如是粉塵或有害氣體或蒸氣時(shí),應(yīng)了解污染物濃度是多少;***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>4***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)空氣污染物存在形態(tài),是顆粒物體、氣體蒸氣、還是混合物,并進(jìn)一步了解以下情況:若是氣體或蒸氣,應(yīng)了解是否具有明顯氣味或刺激性等警示性,是否有職業(yè)衛(wèi)生標(biāo)準(zhǔn),是否有能立即威脅生命和健康的濃度,是否還可經(jīng)皮膚吸收,是否對(duì)皮膚致敏和腐蝕、刺激皮膚及眼睛等。***N>
<***N lang=EN-US>2***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、判定危害程度***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">按照以下方法判定:***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>1***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)如果有害環(huán)境性質(zhì)未知,應(yīng)作為立即威脅生命和健康的濃度環(huán)境。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>2***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)如果缺氧,或無法確定是否缺氧,應(yīng)作為立即威脅生命和健康的濃度環(huán)境。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>3***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)如果空氣污染物濃度未知,達(dá)到或超過立即威脅生命和健康的濃度,只要是其中之一都應(yīng)作為立即威脅生命和健康的濃度環(huán)境。***N>
<***N lang=EN-US>3***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、***N><***N lang=EN-US><***N style="mso-tab-count: 1">? ***N>***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">根據(jù)危害程度選擇***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>1***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)立即威脅生命和健康的濃度環(huán)境。應(yīng)選擇以下防護(hù)裝備:***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●配**罩的正壓攜氣式呼吸器。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●配備適合的輔助逃生型呼吸器,例如,在有害環(huán)境性質(zhì)未知、是否缺氧未知及缺氧情況下,應(yīng)選擇攜氣式逃生呼吸器,不能使用過濾式逃生呼吸器;在不缺氧,但空氣污染濃度超過立即威脅生命和健康的濃度值的環(huán)境下,可以選擇攜氣式。也可以選擇過濾式,但需適合空氣污染物種類及其濃度水平,例如污染物種類是****、苯、***還是其他物質(zhì),濃度是多少***N><***N lang=EN-US>mg/m3***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>2***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)非立即威脅生命和健康的濃度環(huán)境。應(yīng)選擇指定防護(hù)系數(shù)大于危害系數(shù)的呼吸防護(hù)裝備。這里所說的防護(hù)系數(shù)是指該類呼吸防護(hù)用品,在適合使用佩戴且還沒有使用的前提下,預(yù)期能有效的將空氣污染物過濾至安全防護(hù)系數(shù)之內(nèi)的裝備。***N>
<***N lang=EN-US>4***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、根據(jù)空氣污染物種類選擇***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>1***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)顆粒物的防護(hù):可選擇隔絕式防塵面具,也可選擇過濾式防塵面具。若選擇過濾式防塵面具,應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●對(duì)于揮發(fā)性的顆粒物存在環(huán)境,應(yīng)選擇能同時(shí)過濾顆粒物及其揮發(fā)氣體的防塵面具;***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●應(yīng)根據(jù)顆粒物的分散度選擇適合的防塵面具。例如,***N> <***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">有的防塵面具只對(duì)一般性粉塵有過濾作用,而對(duì)微細(xì)的顆粒煙或蒸氣卻無過濾作用。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●若顆粒具有液態(tài)油性時(shí),應(yīng)選擇能過濾油性顆粒的防塵面具。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●若顆粒具有放射性,應(yīng)選擇能過濾效果**等級(jí)的防塵面具。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>2***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)有毒氣體和蒸氣的防護(hù):可選擇隔絕式防毒面具,也可選擇過濾式防毒面具。在選擇過濾式防毒面具時(shí),應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn):***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●應(yīng)根據(jù)有害氣體和蒸氣的種類選擇使用的過濾元件(濾毒罐和濾毒盒),對(duì)現(xiàn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中未包括的過濾元件種類,應(yīng)根據(jù)防毒面具生產(chǎn)廠商提供的使用說明選擇。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●對(duì)于沒有警示性或警示性很差的有毒氣體或蒸氣,由于幻覺、感覺毒氣或蒸氣的局限性不可靠性,對(duì)于劇毒如****等,應(yīng)優(yōu)先選擇有失效指示器的防毒面具或隔絕式防毒面具。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>3***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)若顆粒物、毒氣和蒸氣同時(shí)存在時(shí)的防護(hù):可選擇隔絕式呼吸器,也可選擇過濾式呼吸器。若選擇過濾式防護(hù)面具,應(yīng)選擇有效過濾元件或過濾元件的組合。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(三)根據(jù)作業(yè)人員選擇***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">應(yīng)考慮以下幾點(diǎn):***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>1***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)頭面部特征:在選擇半面罩或**罩時(shí)應(yīng)注意:***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●若生產(chǎn)者或經(jīng)銷商能向使用者提供適合性檢驗(yàn),可幫助使用者選擇與自己***的面罩。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●胡須或過長(zhǎng)的頭發(fā)會(huì)影響面罩與面部之間的密合性,使用者應(yīng)預(yù)先刮凈胡須,避免將頭發(fā)夾在面罩與面部皮膚之間。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●應(yīng)考慮使用者面部特征,若有疤痕、凹陷的太陽穴、非常突出的顴骨、皮膚褶皺、鼻畸形等影響面部與面罩之間的密合時(shí)***N><***N lang=EN-US>,***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">應(yīng)選擇與面部特征無關(guān)的面罩,如頭罩。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>2***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)舒適性:應(yīng)考慮作業(yè)環(huán)境,作業(yè)人員是否能夠承受物理因素(如高溫)的不良影響,若存在不良影響,應(yīng)選擇能減輕這種不良影響的呼吸防護(hù)裝備,如選擇有降溫功能的供氣式呼吸器。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●高溫、低溫、化學(xué)作業(yè)場(chǎng)所應(yīng)選擇物理性能穩(wěn)定的硅膠面罩。***N><***N lang=EN-US>
***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">●對(duì)皮膚過敏者應(yīng)選擇無刺激皮膚的硅膠面罩。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>3***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)視力矯正:視力矯正鏡不應(yīng)影響呼吸防護(hù)裝備與面部的密合性。若呼吸防護(hù)裝備提供使用者矯正鏡片的結(jié)果部件,應(yīng)選擇適合的視力矯正鏡片,并按照使用說明書要求操作使用。***N>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(***N><***N lang=EN-US>4***N><***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">)不適合使用呼吸防護(hù)裝備的身體狀態(tài):患有高血壓、心臟病、肺氣腫等以及心理障礙類型的人員,不宜選用呼吸阻力較大的過濾式****,可考慮選用正壓供氣式呼吸器。***N>
<***N lang=EN-US>
<***N style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">(深圳綠之風(fēng)科技http://www.hkgw.cn/shownews.asp?n_id=585)***N>